Abstract

Herbivorous mammals are important for natural ecosystems even today, but how much stronger would there effects be without human-linked extinctions and extirpations? The ranges of many mammal species have contracted and numerous species have gone extinct due to human pressures, so herbivore impacts in even seemingly natural ecosystems likely deviate from their pre-anthropogenic state. However, such effects remain poorly understood and often unrecognized. To address this issue, we here quantified and mapped plant consumption by all terrestrial mammals in natural areas based on both current and estimated natural ranges. We then compared the estimated consumption rates to current plant net primary productivity, and summarised the results for global ecosystem types both broadly and in the wildest remaining natural areas around the world (the Last of the Wild). We found that wild mammals consume 7.3% (95% interquantile range: 0.85% - 26%) of net primary productivity in current natural areas, and that this would be much higher in the absence of extinctions and extirpations, namely 13% (95% interquantile range: 1.7% - 40%), i.e., a >50% higher consumption rate. Marked human-linked declines in herbivory were seen even in the wildest remaining natural areas, where mammals now consume a mean of 9% (95% interquantile range: 2.2% - 26%) of plant primary productivity, which is only 60% of no-extinction level. Our results show that mammalian herbivores naturally play an important part in ecosystems at a global scale, but that this effect has been strongly reduced by extinctions and extirpations.