Abstract

The rhizosphere, which serves as the primary interface between plant roots and the soil, constitutes an ecological niche for a huge diversity of microbial communities. Currently, there is little knowledge on the nature and the function of the different metabolites released by rhizospheric microbes to facilitate colonization of this highly competitive environment. Here, we demonstrate how the production of galbonolides, a group of polyene macrolides that inhibit plant and fungal Inositol Phosphorylceramide Synthase (IPCS), empowers the rhizospheric Streptomyces strain AgN23, to thrive in the rhizosphere by triggering the plants defence mechanisms. Metabolomic analysis of AgN23-inoculated Arabidopsis roots revealed a strong induction in the production of an indole alkaloid, camalexin, which is a major phytoalexin in Arabidopsis. By using a plant mutant compromised in camalexin synthesis, we show that camalexin production is necessary for the successful colonization of the rhizosphere by AgN23. Conversely, hindering galbonolides biosynthesis in AgN23 knock-out mutant resulted in loss of inhibition of IPCS, a deficiency in plant defence activation, notably the production of camalexin, and a strongly reduced development of the mutant bacteria in the rhizosphere. Together, our results identified galbonolides as important metabolites mediating rhizosphere colonisation by Streptomyces. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=159 SRC="FIGDIR/small/576418v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (42K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ec39f3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d0a14eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e1f61org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12e487e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical AbstractC_FLOATNO Model summarizing the mode of action of galbonolides in stimulating plant defence to support AgN23 colonization of the rhizosphere. Galbonolides secretion by Streptomyces sp. AgN23 trigger Inositol Phosphoceramide Synthase (IPCS) inhibition in Arabidopsis root cells (orange arrow). The resulting raise in Ceramide precursors of the IPCS may result in the different defence responses associated to AgN23: Hypersensitive Responses (HR), Salicylic Acid (SA) signalling, nuclear Ca2+ influx, defence gene expression and camalexin biosynthesis. This production of camalexin (blue arrow) exert a positive effect on AgN23 growth in the rhizosphere, presumably by restricting the growth of bacterial and fungal competitors sensitive to this phytoalexin. In addition, galbonolides secretion in the rhizosphere may also directly interfere with fungal competitors of AgN23. C_FIG