Abstract

PARP1&2 enzymatic inhibitors (PARPi) are promising cancer treatments. But recently, their use has been hindered by unexplained severe anemia and treatment-related leukemia. In addition to enzymatic inhibition, PARPi also trap PARP1&2 at DNA lesions. Here, we report that unlike Parp2-/- mice, which develop normally, mice expressing catalytically-inactive Parp2 (E534A, Parp2EA/EA) succumb to Tp53- and Chk2-dependent erythropoietic failure in utero, mirroring Lig1-/- mice. While DNA damage mainly activates PARP1, we demonstrate that DNA replication activates PARP2 robustly. PARP2 is selectively recruited and activated by 5-phosphorylated nicks (5p-nicks) between Okazaki fragments, typically resolved by Lig1. Inactive PARP2, but not its active form or absence, impedes Lig1- and Lig3-mediated ligation, causing dose-dependent replication fork collapse, particularly harmful to erythroblasts with ultra-fast forks. This PARylation-dependent structural function of PARP2 at 5p-nicks explains the detrimental effects of PARP2 inhibition on erythropoiesis, revealing the mechanism behind the PARPi-induced anemia and leukemia, especially those with TP53/CHK2 loss. SignificanceThis work shows that the hematological toxicities associated with PARP inhibitors stem not from impaired PARP1 or PARP2 enzymatic activity but rather from the presence of inactive PARP2 protein. Mechanistically, these toxicities reflect a unique role of PARP2 at 5-phosphorylated DNA nicks during DNA replication in erythroblasts.